how much did farmers make in the 1700s

The women helped out immensely, as it was their job to spin the yarn, sew the quilts and shuck the corn so they could make more of a business than just selling milk from the cows. The first settlers didn't own slaves, but, by the early 1700s, it was the slaves who worked the fields of large plantations. Cooking and cleaning was done by the mistress, children and house slaves, as well as mending of fences and tools used on the fields. I believe that tenant farming was more common so there is no certainty that your Walter Griffin actually owned any land. How much money did meat packers earn in the 1900s? The first slaves were brought over from Africa in the mid-1500s. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. What did farmers farm in the 1700s. Both nominal wages and the cost of. Tobacco was grown mostly in Virginia (the first crops were started in Jamestown) and into North Carolina. The farmers also had many different kinds of livestock, such as chicken, cows, pigs, ducks, geese, and more. James Austin's Persian Ink was advertised at 12 pence per bottle in a June 1730. Antispasmodick julep - 2s. However, there may be a record of a tenancy. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? In fact, much of the wheat, oats, barley, corn, and rye came from these colonies. Colonial Williamsburg: Work, Work, and More Work. What did the farmers do in colonial America? These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. how much did farmers make in the 1700s; how much did farmers make in the 1700s. were a farmer here are the tools you would use for a farmer. 2 0 obj Cutting off an arm - 500 lbs tobacco The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The first settlers were not enslavers, but, by the early 1700s, it was enslaved people who worked the fields of large plantations. Early Morning. This source quotes, Anecdotal evidence of quarterly salaries paid to a household's cook, coachman, footman, house maid and chambermaid, presumably in London. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Saline julep - 8s. 1657 Beverly parsonage house, size 38x17, to be built for 45, paid in corn and cattle.. See answer (1) Best Answer. Industry leaders made more money than farmers, but industrial laborers often had much lower standards of living. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". and if you Phone (573) 882-0748. Source: Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Association, Vol. Average wages per year $1 780.00. Good governance, Quality Assurance and Responsibility in Higher Education in the Eurasian region: Towards a Better University. In 1777, Rhode Island capped the rates for traveler's meals and lodging, due to wartime inflation. Expressed in pence sterling per pound of tobacco. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". How much did a book cost in 1700s? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Purging pills - 2s. the average cost of new car was $1 510.00. 6d. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Expressed in sd. Still, New England farmers were able to grow enough food to feed their families and neighbors. Emigrants had an option to work a number of years after arrival to pay off the debt, p. 26. Shows house construction prices with specifications such as cellar, chimney, staircase, windows, etc. 101 #2. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Lodging could not exceed 4 pence per night, and supper could not exceed 1 shilling. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Your question covers 100 years- and earnings (and the worth of money . Marie Concannon, Government Information Librarian shovel, plow, and a saw. A farmer has 19 sheep All but 7 die How many are left? 106B Ellis Library (1st Floor East) You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. A number of books were listed at prices from two shillings to twenty shillings or more (a pound was twenty shillings). >> The slaves did not have this same hope. They would raise these animals for food and pets. % He is listed as a farmer in the probate records, and in the will he states: "I give and bequeath unto my loving wife Dorothy Griffin all my household furniture . 6d. A farmer works under the umbrella of agriculture, producing a variety of food products for human and animal consumption. It also varied The bigger plantations had armies of workers who labored from sun up to sun down. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Boots and longjohns completed the outfit. How do you I stop my TV from turning off at a time dish? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The farmers in the middle colonies grew the most food during Colonial times (1500s to 1800s). How much did an average house cost in 1800? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Usually priced by the thousand (abbreviated M), but sometimes by the hundred (C). Were there slaves on the farm? What did farmers grow in the 1800s? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. What is the average 40 yard dash time for a 11 year old boy? I am trying to determine who Walter's parents actually were. Amputating an arm or a leg - 7 10s. Account book shows prices for finished shoes and dressing boots, as well as cost of materials such as leather, buckles, etc. The first slaves were brought over from Africa in the mid-1500s. Source: Shows annual income in pounds, and gives the average number of persons in each household by occupation of householder (this is indicated by "heads per family.") These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Slaves were a big part of Colonial farming; they did most of the hard work on the fields and helped the mistress run the house in an orderly fashion. for one doctor; 2s. Cigar prices per dozen, and tobacco and snuff by the pound or (sometimes) ounce, p. 149. to 3s. It does not store any personal data. Average cost for house rent $26.00 per month. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. I was able to locate his last will and testament and made a transcription of the will. Recommended reading: Colonial Currency in History of Wages in the United States from Colonial Times to 1928. $0.000000212. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Recommended reading: explanation of early money in the Introduction tothe bookHistory of old Chesterfrom 1719 to 1869 by Benjamin Chase. What they did depended on the time of year. Choose a decade below,or use the drop down boxes on the tabs above. 2023 Cubit s.c.a.r.l. If Walter did own land that he transferred by deed, would I be able to search the title of that land to see who owned it prior to Walter and after Walter? Inonu Cad. Wages for cutting, mowing, reaping, etc. After the Revolutionary War, at the onset of liberty for white settlers, the large tracts of land granted to prominent Tidewater politicians and businessmen have been divided among others. It does not store any personal data. Paragorick draught - 1s. Middling plantation owners not only provided for their families, but also had a chance to advance in society and afford a few luxuries. How much did an average house cost in 1800? The first settlers didn't own slaves, but, by the early 1700s, it was the slaves who worked the fields of large plantations. by the acre. A section on, Section titled "Earnings from work" in the chapter, Primary source explains economics behind the. in the colonies, 1600s-1770s, Home and retail shop inventory listing items and values, 1685 - Salem MA, Expenses of the Washington Headquarters at Valley Forge, 1775-1781, Soap and charcoal prices - Rhode Island, 1777, Ferry charges and stagecoach fares, 1639-1772, Travelers' lodging in Philadelphia, ca. some of the tools were hamers, axses, and hatchets. London had about 600,000 people around 1700 and almost a million residents in 1800. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It required a lot of physical labor with very simple devices. How much did a farmer make in the 1800s? There are several kinds of farmers, ranging from farmers who raise animals to farmers who grow crops. Each century, more and more slaves were been transported to Colonial America and made to work without pay. Many markets began following: Hartford in 1643, New York City by 1686, and Philadelphia in 1693, to name a few. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The most common crops were barley, cotton and wheat. Show prices (in pounds) for pitch, tar, turpentine, joists, boards and planks as set by an act passed on July 3, 1766. About 89 percent of U.S. farms are small, with gross cash farm income less than $350,000; the households operating these farms typically rely on off-farm sources for most of their household income. Of course, tobacco was of utmost importance to this region; it was treated like money and was in very high demand. I am wondering if his parents may be buried in this same church graveyard. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. Looking at Walter's death information in Find My Past, I see he was buried at the Church of St Peter ad Vincula. 5 What was the economy like in the 1830s? I am on Season 9 in the French Man saga, on the Maine trip episodes. There seem to be several Walter Griffins born in the area around the same time. 1678 Salem house for Thomas Maulle, size 35'x20', to be built for 47, 8 shillings, 10 pence. They did receive food, which was usually scraps and leftovers, as well as housing accommodations that were often small and unsanitary. I'm hoping the land records might help me determine Walter's parentage. Colonial Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia, is a great place to visit to see how an actual farmhouse might have operated. A number of books were listed at prices from two shillings to twenty shillings or more (a pound was twenty shillings). HWrJT)IGr*]8 @!&lRI} AH0vTdASA^Swz20hQ'x~suO,;8';G-~rO;3-~?=4D8p 1O(,86^|aa.pyHLs' )JD$:Q5E9{SBhGV{i}lXCfQ|Hiq.VF=5++kfml'.|s*Ldp#HI?9 My ancestor is Walter Griffin 299N-TNX from Tibberton, England. While these sorts of programs quickly gained popularity and adoption among many of the larger early industrial employers of the late 1800s (banks, factories, public utility companies, manufacturers), they didnt achieve truly widespread use until the 1920s [1]. 1750, Travelers' meals and lodging - Rhode Island, 1777, Prices of textiles and clothing, 1640-1760, Shoe and boot prices in Rhode Island, 1754-1772, Haircut and shave - Prices, 1724 and 1784, Health care service costs in Philadelphia, late 1700s, Medicine in Virginia in the eighteenth century, Prices paid by George Washington, 1750s-1790s, Price of an ounce of silver in Boston, 1700 - 1749, Prices of selected commodities in Philadelphia, 1720-1775, Beer price in Massachusetts, 1667 and 1670, Food expenses reportedat Valley Forge PA, 1777-1778, rum, sugar, molasses, cheese, butter, peas, beans, potatoes, Prices of butter, beef and pork in the American colonies, 1633-1749, Prices of commodities used as barter, 1630-1750, Food and rent in England by village, 1768, Food and rent in England - 1770, 1850 and 1878, Farm houses, cost to build - England, 1759, Clothing prices in Warwickshire, England - 1700s, Food, beer, candle and coal prices - London, 1740-1865, Dish prices - Staffordshire potteries, 1770. equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. Colonial farmers did not have the large machinery of today's farms. Men tilled the soil, mowed the hay, cared for the livestock, made fences, and cut and hauled wood. Shows wages for workers with and without board furnished. How did people get to the frontier in the 1800s? A visit - 1 - 5 for one doctor; 10s. South Carolina and Georgia grew mainly indigo and rice. Wheat yields increased by about a quarter between 1700 and 1800, and then by about a half between 1800 and 1850, and the most recent research emphasises the early 19th century as the period of. The farm was all they had to show for their hard labor. Expressed in sd. Farms average more than 400 acres. The corn binder put the corn into sheaves and farmers would then put them into shocks. Cooking was obviously easier and cheaper in the wood-fueled frontier economy than it would be in an LP gas-fired one. Female slaves were encouraged to have many children to keep a steady line of slaves in the works for the plantation owners. All farmers wore hats, either straw or some kind of fur in winter. What is the exposition of the blanket by Floyd dell? 1679 Salem house for Jonathan Corwin, size 24'x18', to be built for 12. Abstract and Figures Using manuscript and secondary sources, the paper calculates real day wages for male agricultural laborers in England from 1208 to 1850. Using a Google search, I found the following that may be of interest. equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. by the foot. Produce moved on small boats along canals and rivers from the farms to the ports. Iscrivendoti dichiari di aver letto e accettato i Termini e Condizioni. Were there slaves on the farm? It was all set up by production. FAQ about how much did a house cost in 1700 england, how much do geothermal power plants cost to build, how much does a bluebird school bus weigh, how much do gold miners make on gold rush, how much did a ticket on the titanic cost, how much did leonardo dicaprio make from the wolf of wall street. Were there enslaved workers on the farm? Chiudendo il banner o proseguendo la navigazione su questo sito acconsenti alluso dei cookie. Peter (Pehr) Kalm wrote in 1748, "I and the companion of my voyage had a room, candles, beds, attendance, and three meals a day, if we chose to have to many, for twenty shillings per week in Pennsylvania currency. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. What does the Leader Member Exchange LMX theory teach? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Farming in Colonial times was different from farming today. What did farmers grow in the 1800s? Article mentions typical health services for the time frame (child birth, smallpox inoculations, dislocations, etc.) Cost of a gallon of gas 10 cents, You are viewing the article: when can you drink coffee, You are viewing the article: when can i have coffee, You are viewing the article: whats the point of decaf, You are viewing the article: whats in a flat white, You are viewing the article: what your coffee cup says, You are viewing the article: how much do a dozen, You are viewing the article: how much does a loaded, You are viewing the article: how much did the titanic, You are viewing the article: how much does a 12, You are viewing the article: how much does a head, how much did a house cost in 1700 england. Pectoral mixture - 2s. The rate for horse hire was capped at 4 pence per mile in 1777, due to wartime inflation. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? Editorial Team - Updated October 25, 2019, Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Explore state by state cost analysis of US colleges in an interactive article. Eventually, colonists turned to fishing as their main source of earning a living, but still continued to grow the crops they could. Copyright 2023 WisdomAnswer | All rights reserved. Prices were capped by the Rhode Island government in response to wartime inflation. A book on the elements of English Grammar was also listed, priced at only one dollar. A dollar in 1787 translated to approximately 7.5s (Pennsylvania shillings). The family would have a quick breakfast of porridge and beer and then everyone would go to work. Cost of a gallon of gas 10 cents. Blue owned three farms consisting of more than 350 acres in 1910. Your question covers 100 years- and earnings (and the worth of However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 2 What opportunities did farmers have in the 1800s? Source: Rhode Island law dated Dec 31, 1776. A Project of the Robert H. Gore, Jr. Numismatic Endowment, University of Notre Dame, Department of Special Collections. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Whether you were farming in New England in the 1500s, the middle colonies in the 1600s, or Southern colonies in the 1700s, there was a difference in what crops were grown. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. After the end of the Civil War and the passage of the Homestead Act in 1862, which gave free land to any family that would promise to settle on it for at least five years, huge areas of the Midwest and western United States were turned into farms. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Shows the decreasing value of continental paper currency for each month from 1777-1781 (p. 21). What did farmers grow in the 1700s? Colonial farming was a serious job and meant the difference between eating well or starving, especially in the winter months. Large steamships carried goods and people from port to port. Whom life had made ugly in the story of dodong and teang? The process of moving from one open window to another is called what? The theory that plague pandemics happen amidst a cat vacuum doesn't hold up: Europe didn't keep its cat population depleted for nearly 500 years. 1640 Boston house for William Rix, size 16'x14', to be built for 21. What opportunities did farmers have in the 1800s? A typical day on the farm started early in the morning as soon as the sun began to rise. This document discusses amounts of work pay and arrangements for work payments. Purchasing power is represented in its equivalence in horses, wheat, the yearly wages of a skilled tradesperson, and others. During the 1700s, 1800s, and the first half or so of the 1900s, grocery stores gained in popularity; consequently, interest in farmers markets fell. Average wages per year $1 780.00. What is the best estimate of the capacity of a juice box? During the fall they had to gather the harvest. Roads, Canals, and Rails in the 1800s Waterways and a growing network of railroads linked the frontier with the eastern cities. What did farmers do in the early morning? which offers some of the same benefits as grinding. What is the difference between mango plants and maize plants in terms of root system? In 1920, the price of corn ranged form 26 [cents] a bushel in Nebraska and Kansas to as much as $1.20 in Nevada, but the U.S. average was 42 [cents]. EURAS Webinar onGood governance, Quality Assurance and Responsibility, RUSSIAN INVASION TO UKRAINE AND HUMANITARIAN IMPACT TO THE REGION. This article was written by the CareerTrend team, copy edited and fact checked through a multi-point auditing system, in efforts to ensure our readers only receive the best information. Shows wageswith and without board. in this large open room you would cook, eat, and sleep. Rum for lying in - 3s. Fees "for physick" - From 1s. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Physick in sickness - 3s. Men tilled the soil, mowed the hay, cared for the livestock, made fences, and cut and hauled wood. Many feeds were cooked. Farmers needed to take advantage of every minute of daylight to get their work complete. It seems in the talking heads AND in the episodes themselves that Whitney really believes that the French Man is coming to meet her. Oxen were used as well as horses to pull the plows, and the family members and slaves did a lot of the picking and sorting by hand. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Source: Shows minimum prices for Staffordshire dinnerware as of 1770. See pages 25-29 of this source for examples of medical fees, as found in doctors' account books. The soil near the ocean was not necessarily good for farming, and the winters were harsh on the crops that were often killed before they even grew. Includes evidence of American colonial consumer prices dating to the 1600s, including a Salem, Massachusetts grocery bill from 1629 showing soap, candles, etc. By the 1870s, self-propelled steam engines were being used in Americas heartland to help harvest wheat. and more. In the year 1700, my guess is that most farmers in Europe will have had few books, but by the ye. Each month a successful grain farmer can earn about 452 RMB on average. The rich, only a tiny minority of the population, lived luxuriously in lavish, elegant mansions and country houses, which they furnished with comfortable, upholstered furniture. Via Giuntini 13Navacchio, 56023, Cascina (PI), Scrivici compilando il formalla pagina contatti. Source: Library of Congress blog. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Source: Links to government documents and primary sources listing retail prices for products and services, as well as wages for common occupations. Below are detailed timelines covering farm machinery and technology, transportation, life on the farm, farmers and the land, and crops and livestock. They would raise these animals for food and pets. Since then new material from the Beveridge and Farmer archives is available on both wages and prices. 6d. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". So at first, farmers would just abandon thei. @Graham Buckell my Walter Griffin is the one who was buried at Tibberton on 11 December 1796. Farm Life in the 18th Century by Eugene Scheel A Waterford historian and mapmaker. What was life like for farmers in the late 1800s? Emigrants had an option to work off the debt with several years of labor after arrival. Farmers are responsible for all crops and livestock that are needed for us to survive. New England colonies often had the roughest time in farming. What did farmers grow in the 1700s? When daughters got married, they also received farm animals to give to their husbands to get their own farm started. MOST farmers made enough Families would work together to exchange goods and labor so they could get more work done in a shorter period of time. Emetic tincture - 2s. Purging powder - 1s. 1679 Boston house for John Williams, size 34'x20', to be built for 130. Farmers worked up. Real wages declined 10% in the South West, but rose by 75% in the north. A farm house was a single large room with a fire pit at the end. The long history of agriculture in Ohio dates begins roughly 5,000 years ago at the start of the Late Archaic Period. Subtitled "A numismatic, economic and historical correlation," by Philip L. Mossman, published by the American Numismatic Society (c1993). Source: Shows average prices of bread in England for each year from 1660-1899 on pages 27-35. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. During the spring they would be tilling and planting the fields. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. I was able to locate his last will and testament and made a transcription of the will. With some smaller plantations, 200 to 800 acres in size, it generally took about nine adults to keep the crops growing and harvested on time. Lists geographically scattered examples of the cost to take a stage coach or ferry in colonial times. See, Some barbers charged for service by the month or quarter rather than by the haircut or shave. Provides explanations and charts to help users calculate the current value of historic dollar amounts. What did men do in the 1700? But wood, washing and wine, if required, were to be paid for besides.". My ancestor is Walter Griffin 299N-TNX from Tibberton, England. If you could witness one event past, present, or future, what would it be? Up through 1779 1780-1789 1790-1799 We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Each century, more and more slaves were been transported to Colonial America and made to work without pay. National Park . Being familiar with American research, but less familiar with England, I am wondering if I should expect that Walter Griffin owned any land that might have been transferred by deed to his children since no land was transferred through probate. Then they would go gather the crop that they had piled up while reaping it. A "mixture" - 10s. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Oil of sweet almond - 1s. 3 What was life like for farmers in the late 1800s? 6d. Source: This 1756 proposal for property taxation categorizes dwellings in England at the time, giving rough estimates of how much it cost to rent dwellings of various sizes. Obviously, this had much to do with the climate and type of soil. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. The family would have a quick breakfast of porridge and beer and then everyone would go to work. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. their wage material before 1700 from the work of James Thorold Rogers published between 1866 and 1902. Pay for labor in Rhode Island, 1750s-1770s, Housewife labor in Rhode Island "Housewifery" was valued at 25 shillings per week in, Wage ceilings established in Rhode Island in response to war-time inflation, 1777. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. 1840-49 were only 20% above their level circa 1700. Midwifery - 1 These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. For the eighteenth century they used wages reported in Elizabeth Gilboy (Gilboy, 1934). 6d. Clothing. His will was probated in 1799 and showed he was Walter Griffin of the Parish of Tibberton in the County of Worcestershire, farmer. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. Children went for half price. As we all know, the French Man is yet another fake boyfriend, and he was NEVER going to come to meet her. Farmers during Colonial times were much more innovative in their way to farm the land and sell their goods. Cubitlab usa i cookie per facilitare la navigazione del sito. Continue Learning about Movies & Television. 6d. Colonists grew enough food to support their families and in some cases were able to step away from subsistence to trade, barter, and sell. So it's really easy to discover that year after year the harvest from the same field is getting weaker and weaker. Maize (corn), and later rice and potatoes were grown in . The first farmers market in the United States opened in 1634 in Boston, Massachusetts. Wiki User. Colonial farmers grew a wide variety of crops depending on where they lived. Most of the farmers would grow tobacco, wheat, barley, oats, rice, corn, vegetables, and more. Source: USDA, Continental army salaries (privates, sergeants, corporals, a drummer) in. Farming was not limited to working in the fields, where slaves often did the back-breaking work by hand. When did employee benefits become common in the US? &\1p?K^3D`,BqdXZ=zI*"5a7lV)*%{P^u$bzg-T.%s'h)UJ'nhC/HtUgX1:]6YR0hVlOvlZ,|uX>Z'qmB;o']Epb It looks like nothing was found at this location. Colonial farming is a topic of great interest because it shows how the United States grew and adapted to change over time. money) changed at lot- depending on 1800 or 1899. During the latter part of the 18th century, farmers relied on oxen and horses to power crude wooden plows. << A "guaranteed cure" - 12 - 15, One doctor advertised his charges as "a visit in town in the day five shillings; an emetic, two shillings, six pence; either in commodities that he needs or in Tobacco at twenty shillings per hundred weight, or money. Source: George Washington Financial Papers Project. The most commonly used phrase describing the growth of the American economy in the 1830s and 1840s was Cotton Is King. We think of this slogan today as describing the plantation economy of the slavery states in the Deep South, which led to the creation of the second Middle Passage.. Source: Compares the price of bread, meat and butter, as well as the rent for a laborer's cottage and rent of cultivated land per acre. Includes farm labor wages as well. They had to do all the work by hand or with the help of an ox or horse. In contrast, the median household operating large-scale farms earned $402,780 in 2020, and most of that came from farming. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. During the latter part of the 18th century, farmers relied on oxen and horses to power crude wooden plows. a new house cost $8 450.00. the average income per year was $3 210.00. a gallon of gas was 18 cents.